Crosstalk Between T Cells and Fibroblasts in Biomaterial‑Mediated Fibrosis

Key takeaway

T cells and fibroblasts engage in bidirectional signaling that critically shapes biomaterial‑driven fibrotic encapsulation. Targeting their crosstalk opens new avenues to reduce fibrosis and improve implant performance.

Why it matters

Fibrotic encapsulation isolates implants (stents, sensors, scaffolds), causing failure. While macrophages are well studied, T cell–fibroblast interactions are a major, underappreciated driver of fibrosis.

Main components

• T cell subsets: CD4+, CD8+, regulatory and tissue‑resident types differentially modulate fibroblast activity.
• Fibroblast populations: activated myofibroblasts and matrix‑producing subsets respond to immune cues.
• Signals: cytokines, direct contact, and ECM remodeling create feedback loops driving ECM deposition.