Fluoride exposure in humans has been so far linked with damage to:

• skeletal muscle and ligaments
• erythrocytes
• gastrointestinal mucosa
• spermatozoa
• thyroid gland

​Some animal studies have indicated other systems that may be impacted as well.

​Although the pathways by which these systems get damaged is still under investigation, damage has been possibly attributed to damaged filaments, structure loss of proteins and membranes due to deficient calcium, and overall decreased levels of protein​.